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╭──────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────╮
│  > A WIP patch to spanify the following files has been applied:         │
│    - gpu/command_buffer/client/cmd_buffer_helper_test.cc                │
│                                                                         │
│    ---                                                                  │
│                                                                         │
│    Your job is to finish/polish the patch following the instructions    │
│    below.                                                               │
│    Your job is done when the patch is ready. Do not start trying to     │
│    spanify files beyond the scope of this patch.                        │
│    You should first examine the patch with `git show HEAD`.             │
│    When the job is done, say "GEMINI_JOB_COMPLETE_GEMINI".              │
│                                                                         │
│    ### **LLM Prompt: Fixing Unsafe Buffer Usage in Chromium**           │
│                                                                         │
│    **Role:** You are an expert C++ developer specializing in memory     │
│    safety for the Chromium project. Your primary goal is to eliminate   │
│    unsafe buffer operations by migrating legacy C-style code to modern, │
│     safer C++ constructs, with a strong emphasis on `base::span` and    │
│    other standard library containers. You must adhere to Chromium's     │
│    coding standards and the specific guidelines for this task.          │
│                                                                         │
│    **Task:** Your task is to fix unsafe buffer usage in a given C++     │
│    file. You should compile the target with provided command line after │
│     removing the `#pragma allow_unsafe_buffers` and `UNSAFE_TODO`       │
│    directive. You will use these errors to identify and fix the unsafe  │
│    code, applying the principles and patterns outlined below. **Your    │
│    changes must be minimal and targeted, directly addressing only the   │
│    unsafe buffer errors.** While the primary focus is on the given      │
│    file, you are expected to modify other files (e.g., header files or  │
│    call sites) if necessary to ensure the code compiles and tests pass. │
│                                                                         │
│    ### **Guiding Philosophy**                                           │
│    *   **Safety Through the Type System:** The fundamental goal is to   │
│    encode buffer size information into the C++ type system. A `char*`   │
│    has no size information, making it unsafe. A `base::span<char>` has  │
│    a size, making it safe. Every change you make should serve this      │
│    principle.                                                           │
│    *   **Minimalism is Essential:** Your task is not to refactor or     │
│    improve the code in general. You are a specialist surgeon fixing one │
│     specific problem: unsafe buffer usage. Make the smallest possible   │
│    change that fixes the compiler warning and passes tests.             │
│    *   **Trust, But Verify with Compilation:** Your primary feedback    │
│    loop is the compiler. After removing the `allow_unsafe_buffers`      │
│    pragma, the `-Wunsafe-buffer-usage` errors are your map. Use them to │
│     identify every location that needs a fix.                           │
│                                                                         │
│                                                                         │
│    You must refer to these documents to ensure your solutions are       │
│    idiomatic and correct within the Chromium ecosystem.                 │
│                                                                         │
│    # Workflow Tips                                                      │
│                                                                         │
│    ## General Workflow:                                                 │
│                                                                         │
│      * **User Guidance:** Proactively communicate your plan and the     │
│    reason for each                                                      │
│        step.                                                            │
│      * **File Creation Pre-check:** Before creating any new file, you   │
│    MUST first                                                           │
│        perform a thorough search for existing files that can be         │
│    modified or                                                          │
│        extended. This is especially critical for tests; never create a  │
│    new test                                                             │
│        file if one already exists for the component in question. Always │
│     add new                                                             │
│        tests to the existing test file.                                 │
│      * **Read Before Write/Edit:** **ALWAYS** read the entire file      │
│    content                                                              │
│        immediately before writing or editing.                           │
│                                                                         │
│    ## MANDATORY DEBUGGING PROTOCOL (WHEN STUCK)                         │
│                                                                         │
│      * **Trigger:** You **MUST** activate this protocol if you          │
│    encounter a                                                          │
│        **Repeated Tool or Command Failure**.                            │
│                                                                         │
│          * **Definition of Repeated Failure:** A tool or command (e.g., │
│            `autoninja`, `autotest.py`, `git cl format`, `replace`)      │
│    fails. You apply                                                     │
│            a fix or change your approach. You run the *exact same tool  │
│    or command*                                                          │
│            again, and it fails for a **second time**.                   │
│          * **Sensitivity:** This protocol is intentionally highly       │
│    sensitive. The                                                       │
│            error message for the second failure does **NOT** need to be │
│     the same as                                                         │
│            the first. Any subsequent failure of the same tool or        │
│    command after a                                                      │
│            fix attempt is a trigger. This is to prevent "whack-a-mole"  │
│    scenarios                                                            │
│            where fixing one error simply reveals another, indicating a  │
│    deeper                                                               │
│            underlying problem.                                          │
│                                                                         │
│        *Check your history to confirm the repeated failure of the tool  │
│    or command.*                                                         │
│                                                                         │
│      * **Action:** If the trigger condition is met:                     │
│                                                                         │
│        1.  **STOP:** **DO NOT** immediately retry the *same* fix or     │
│    re-run the                                                           │
│            *same* tool or command again.                                │
│        2.  **INFORM USER:** Immediately inform the user that you are    │
│    invoking the                                                         │
│            debugging protocol because a tool or command has failed      │
│    twice in a row.                                                      │
│        3.  **REASON:** **Explicitly state** which tool or command       │
│    failed repeatedly                                                    │
│            (e.g., "`autotest` failed, I applied a fix, and it failed    │
│    again. I am                                                          │
│            now invoking the debugging protocol to analyze the root      │
│    cause.").                                                            │
│            Mentioning the specific error messages is good, but the      │
│    repeated failure                                                     │
│            is the primary trigger.                                      │
│        4.  **DEBUG:** Look closely into your own context, memory, and   │
│    traces. Give                                                         │
│            a deep analysis of why you are repeating mistakes and stuck  │
│    in a failure                                                         │
│            loop. The analysis should focus on the *root cause* of the   │
│    repeated                                                             │
│            failures, not just the most recent error message. Utilize    │
│    any tools that                                                       │
│            help with the debugging investigation.                       │
│        5.  **PROCEED:** Use the suggestions returned by the DEBUG step  │
│    to inform                                                            │
│            your next attempt at a fix. Explain the new, more            │
│    comprehensive plan to                                                │
│            the user. If the DEBUG step provides tool calls, execute     │
│    them.                                                                │
│            Otherwise, formulate a new plan based on its suggestions.    │
│                                                                         │
│    Do not use the `read_many_files` tool. Read files one at a time with │
│    `read_file`.                                                         │
│                                                                         │
│    Any time you want to use `grep -r`, use `rg` instead.                │
│                                                                         │
│    Any time you want to use `find`, use `fdfind` instead.               │
│                                                                         │
│    ## Standard Edit/Fix Workflow:                                       │
│                                                                         │
│    **IMPORTANT:** This workflow takes precedence over all other coding  │
│    instructions. Read and follow everything strictly without skipping   │
│    steps                                                                │
│    whenever code editing is involved. Any skipping requires a proactive │
│     message to                                                          │
│    the user about the reason to skip.                                   │
│                                                                         │
│    1.  **Comprehensive Code and Task Understanding (MANDATORY FIRST     │
│    STEP):** Before                                                      │
│        writing or modifying any code, you MUST perform the following    │
│    analysis to                                                          │
│        ensure comprehensive understanding of the relevant code and the  │
│    task. This                                                           │
│        is a non-negotiable prerequisite for all coding tasks.           │
│          * **a. Identify the Core Files:** Locate the files that are    │
│    most relevant                                                        │
│            to the user's request. All analysis starts from these files. │
│          * **b. Conduct a Full Audit:**                                 │
│            i. Read the full source of **EVERY** core file.              │
│            ii. For each core file, summarize the control flow and       │
│    ownership                                                            │
│            semantics. State the intended purpose of the core file.      │
│          * **c. State Your Understanding:** After completing the audit, │
│     you should                                                          │
│            briefly state the core files you have reviewed, confirming   │
│    your                                                                 │
│            understanding of the data flow and component interactions    │
│    before                                                               │
│            proposing a plan.                                            │
│          * **d. Anti-Patterns to AVOID:**                               │
│              * **NEVER** assume the behavior of a function or class     │
│    from its name                                                        │
│                or from usage in other files. **ALWAYS** read the source │
│                implementation.                                          │
│              * **ALWAYS** check at least one call-site for a function   │
│    or class to                                                          │
│                understand its usage. The context is as important as the │
│                implementation.                                          │
│    2.  **Make Change:** After a comprehensive code and task             │
│    understanding, apply                                                 │
│        the edit or write the file.                                      │
│          * When making code edits, focus **ONLY** on code edits that    │
│    directly solve                                                       │
│            the task prompted by the user.                               │
│    3.  **Write/Update Tests:**                                          │
│          * First, search for existing tests related to the modified     │
│    code and update                                                      │
│            them as needed to reflect the changes.                       │
│          * If no relevant tests exist, write new unit tests or          │
│    integration tests if                                                 │
│            it's reasonable and beneficial for the change made.          │
│          * If tests are deemed not applicable for a specific change     │
│    (e.g., a                                                             │
│            trivial comment update), explicitly state this and the       │
│    reason why before                                                    │
│            moving to the next step.                                     │
│    4.  **Build:** **ALWAYS** build relevant targets after making edits. │
│    5.  **Fix compile errors:** **ALWAYS** follow these steps to fix     │
│    compile errors.                                                      │
│          * **ALWAYS** take the time to fully understand the problem     │
│    before making                                                        │
│            any fixes.                                                   │
│          * **ALWAYS** read at least one new file for each compile       │
│    error.                                                               │
│          * **ALWAYS** find, read, and understand **ALL** files related  │
│    to each                                                              │
│            compile error. For example, if an error is related to a      │
│    missing member                                                       │
│            of a class, find the file that defines the interface for the │
│     class, read                                                         │
│            the whole file, and then create a high-level summary of the  │
│    file that                                                            │
│            outlines all core concepts. Come up with a plan to fix the   │
│    error.                                                               │
│          * **ALWAYS** check the conversation history to see if this     │
│    same                                                                 │
│            error occurred earlier, and analyze previous solutions to    │
│    see why they                                                         │
│            didn't work.                                                 │
│          * **NEVER** make speculative fixes. You should be confident    │
│    before                                                               │
│            applying any fix that it will work. If you are not           │
│    confident, read more                                                 │
│            files.                                                       │
│    6.  **Test:** **ALWAYS** run relevant tests after a successful       │
│    build. If you                                                        │
│        cannot find any relevant test files, you may prompt the user to  │
│    ask how this                                                         │
│        change should be tested.                                         │
│    7.  **Fix test errors**:                                             │
│        * **ALWAYS** take the time to fully understand the problem       │
│    before making                                                        │
│          any fixes.                                                     │
│    8.  **Iterate:** Repeat building and testing using the above steps   │
│    until all are                                                        │
│        successful.                                                      │
│                                                                         │
│    ---                                                                  │
│                                                                         │
│    ### **Core Principles for Safe Buffer Handling**                     │
│                                                                         │
│    Before looking at specific patterns, adhere to these fundamental     │
│    principles.                                                          │
│                                                                         │
│    *   **Principle 0: Clearly Distinguish Ownership**                   │
│        Before you change any code, your first step is to determine if   │
│    the variable in question represents owning or non-owning memory.     │
│    This single decision dictates the correct C++ type to use.           │
│                                                                         │
│        *   **Owning Buffers:** Use an owning container when the code is │
│     responsible for the memory's lifetime (allocating and freeing it).  │
│            *   `std::vector<T>`: This is the default and preferred      │
│    choice for a dynamically-sized, owning buffer.                       │
│            *   `std::string`: The standard choice for owning a buffer   │
│    of characters.                                                       │
│            *   `std::array<T, N>`: Use this for a fixed-size buffer     │
│    whose lifetime is tied to its scope (typically on the stack). It's a │
│     direct, safer replacement for C-style arrays like `int              │
│    my_array[10];`.                                                      │
│            *   `base::HeapArray<T>`: A Chromium-specific alternative    │
│    for heap-allocated arrays, sometimes useful for interfacing with     │
│    legacy code.                                                         │
│                                                                         │
│        *   **Non-Owning Buffers (Views/Spans):** Use a non-owning view  │
│    when the code needs to safely refer to and operate on memory that is │
│     owned by another object (like a `std::vector` or `std::array`).     │
│            *   `base::span<T>`: This is the default and preferred       │
│    choice for a non-owning, mutable, or immutable view of a contiguous  │
│    sequence of objects. It's the primary tool for replacing `(T* ptr,   │
│    size_t size)` parameters.                                            │
│            *   `std::string_view`: Use this for a non-owning, read-only │
│     view of a sequence of characters. It provides a rich set of         │
│    string-manipulation methods (`.starts_with()`, `.find()`, etc.) that │
│     `base::span<const char>` lacks.                                     │
│                                                                         │
│    *   **Principle 1: Avoid Unsafe APIs, Even If They Look Modern.**    │
│    The goal is to eliminate the *root cause* of unsafety, not just      │
│    silence the compiler. Certain modern-looking APIs are still unsafe.  │
│                                                                         │
│        *   **DO NOT USE:** The `base::span(pointer, size)` constructor. │
│     It is marked `UNSAFE_BUFFER_USAGE` for a reason—it does not verify  │
│    that `size` is a valid length for `pointer`. Using it is no safer    │
│    than the original code.                                              │
│        *   **DO NOT USE:** `std::next()` or `std::advance()` to silence │
│     buffer warnings. These functions perform unchecked pointer          │
│    arithmetic and are just as unsafe as `ptr + offset`.                 │
│            ```cpp                                                       │
│            // Old and Unsafe (silences warning, but still dangerous):   │
│            auto it = std::find(std::next(vec.begin(), offset),          │
│    vec.end(), 20);                                                      │
│            // New and Safe:                                             │
│            auto it = std::ranges::find(base::span(vec).subspan(offset), │
│     20);                                                                │
│            ```                                                          │
│        *   **DO NOT USE:** `base::StringView`. This is a legacy,        │
│    deprecated type. The correct and modern type for a non-owning string │
│     view is `std::string_view`. Be mindful to use the `std` namespace   │
│    for string views.                                                    │
│        *   **DO NOT USE: `UNSAFE_BUFFERS` without a safety              │
│    justification.** Individual expressions can be opted out with        │
│    `UNSAFE_BUFFERS()`, but these are for rare cases like interfacing    │
│    with C-style external APIs. They **must always** be accompanied by a │
│     `// SAFETY:` comment explaining in detail why the code has been     │
│    evaluated to be safe for all possible inputs. Code without this      │
│    justification should be rejected.                                    │
│                                                                         │
│    *   **Principle 3: Prefer Safe, Size-Aware Constructors and          │
│    Factories.** Always create spans from sources that already know      │
│    their own size. This is the key to memory safety.                    │
│                                                                         │
│        *   **DO USE:** `base::span(container)` where `container` is an  │
│    `std::vector`, `std::array`, `std::string`, `base::HeapArray`, etc.  │
│        *   **DO USE:** `base::span(other_span).subspan(...)` to create  │
│    safe views into existing spans.                                      │
│        *   **DO USE:** `base::as_byte_span(container)` and              │
│    `base::as_writable_byte_span(container)` for safe type-punning to a  │
│    byte view.                                                           │
│        *   **DO USE:** `base::span_from_ref(object)` to create a span   │
│    of size 1 pointing to a single object.                               │
│        *   **DO USE:** `base::byte_span_from_ref(object)` for a byte    │
│    view of a single object.                                             │
│                                                                         │
│    ---                                                                  │
│                                                                         │
│    ### **Toolbox of Fixes and Patterns**                                │
│                                                                         │
│    Here is a comprehensive set of patterns for fixing common unsafe     │
│    buffer issues.                                                       │
│                                                                         │
│    #### **1. Fundamental Replacements: Pointers and C-Arrays**          │
│                                                                         │
│    The most common task is replacing raw pointers and C-style arrays    │
│    with safer, bounds-checked alternatives.                             │
│                                                                         │
│    *   **Pattern:** Replace function parameters `(T* ptr, size_t size)` │
│     with a single `base::span<T>`.                                      │
│                                                                         │
│        *   **Example:**                                                 │
│            ```cpp                                                       │
│            // Old                                                       │
│            void ProcessData(const uint8_t* data, size_t size);          │
│                                                                         │
│            // New                                                       │
│            void ProcessData(base::span<const uint8_t> data);            │
│            ```                                                          │
│                                                                         │
│    *   **Pattern:** Replace C-style stack arrays `T arr[N]` with        │
│    `std::array<T, N>`. For string literals, `std::to_array` is a        │
│    convenient helper.                                                   │
│                                                                         │
│        *   **Example:**                                                 │
│            ```cpp                                                       │
│            // Old                                                       │
│            const char kAllowed[] = "abc";                               │
│            int values[10];                                              │
│                                                                         │
│            // New                                                       │
│            // For C-style string literals, std::to_array is simplest.   │
│            constexpr auto kAllowed = std::to_array("abc");              │
│            std::array<int, 10> values;                                  │
│            ```                                                          │
│                                                                         │
│    *   **Pattern:** Replace raw heap-allocated arrays (`new T[size]`,   │
│    `std::make_unique<T[]>(size)`) with `std::vector<T>` or              │
│    `base::HeapArray<T>`.                                                │
│                                                                         │
│        *   **Reasoning:** `std::vector` and `base::HeapArray` are       │
│    self-managing, provide size information, and prevent common memory   │
│    management errors. They also integrate perfectly with `base::span`.  │
│        *   **Example:**                                                 │
│            ```cpp                                                       │
│            // Old                                                       │
│            auto buffer = std::make_unique<char[]>(1024);                │
│            ReadData(fd, buffer.get(), 1024);                            │
│                                                                         │
│            // New                                                       │
│            std::vector<char> buffer(1024);                              │
│            ReadData(fd, base::as_writable_byte_span(buffer));           │
│            ```                                                          │
│                                                                         │
│    *   **Pattern:** When passing an array to a function, use            │
│    `base::span` to create a non-owning view.                            │
│                                                                         │
│        *   **Example:**                                                 │
│            ```cpp                                                       │
│            std::array<int, 10> my_array;                                │
│            // Old: ProcessData(my_array.data(), my_array.size());       │
│            // New                                                       │
│            ProcessData(base::span(my_array));                           │
│            ```                                                          │
│    *   **Pattern:** For class member fields that are non-owning views,  │
│    you must use `base::raw_span<T>` over `base::span<T>`.               │
│        *   **Reasoning:** This is a critical memory safety requirement. │
│     `base::raw_span` is implemented with MiraclePtr, which protects     │
│    against Use-After-Free (UAF) bugs. If the underlying object is       │
│    freed, any attempt to use the `raw_span` will result in a controlled │
│     crash instead of allowing dangerous memory corruption or type       │
│    confusion attacks. A regular `base::span` offers no UAF protection.  │
│        ```cpp                                                           │
│        class MyClass {                                                  │
│         private:                                                        │
│          // Old: base::span<int> data_;                                 │
│          // New:                                                        │
│          base::raw_span<int> data_;                                     │
│        };                                                               │
│        ```                                                              │
│                                                                         │
│    #### **2. Replacing Unsafe C-Style Library Functions**               │
│                                                                         │
│    *   **Pattern:** Replace `memcpy` and `memmove` with                 │
│    `base::span::copy_from()`.                                           │
│        *   **Reasoning:** Do not use `std::ranges::copy`. It is unsafe  │
│    because it does not verify that the source and destination spans     │
│    have the same size, which can lead to buffer overflows.              │
│    `base::span::copy_from()` is the only safe alternative, as it        │
│    includes a `CHECK` to ensure the sizes match exactly.                │
│        *   **Example:**                                                 │
│            ```cpp                                                       │
│            // Old                                                       │
│            memcpy(dest_ptr, src_ptr, N);                                │
│                                                                         │
│            // New (Safe and Idiomatic)                                  │
│            // This CHECKs that both subspans are of size N.             │
│            dest_span.first(N).copy_from(src_span.first(N));             │
│            ```                                                          │
│                                                                         │
│    *   **Pattern:** Replace `memset` with `std::ranges::fill()`.        │
│                                                                         │
│        *   **Example:**                                                 │
│            ```cpp                                                       │
│            // Old                                                       │
│            memset(buffer, 0, sizeof(buffer));                           │
│                                                                         │
│            // New                                                       │
│            std::ranges::fill(my_span, 0);                               │
│            ```                                                          │
│                                                                         │
│    *   **Pattern:** Replace `memcmp` with `base::span::operator==` or   │
│    `std::ranges::equal`.                                                │
│                                                                         │
│        *   **Example:**                                                 │
│            ```cpp                                                       │
│            // Old                                                       │
│            bool are_equal = memcmp(ptr1, ptr2, size) == 0;              │
│                                                                         │
│            // New                                                       │
│            bool are_equal = span1 == span2;                             │
│            ```                                                          │
│                                                                         │
│    #### **3. Eliminating Pointer Arithmetic and Unsafe Casting**        │
│                                                                         │
│    *   **Pattern:** Replace pointer arithmetic like `ptr + offset` with │
│     `span.subspan(offset)`.                                             │
│                                                                         │
│        *   **Example:**                                                 │
│            ```cpp                                                       │
│            // Old                                                       │
│            ProcessData(data + 10, size - 10);                           │
│                                                                         │
│            // New                                                       │
│            ProcessData(data_span.subspan(10));                          │
│            ```                                                          │
│                                                                         │
│    *   **Pattern:** Avoid `reinterpret_cast` for changing element       │
│    types. Use safe casting functions like `base::as_bytes()`,           │
│    `base::as_writable_byte_span()`, or `base::as_chars()`.              │
│                                                                         │
│        *   **Example:**                                                 │
│            ```cpp                                                       │
│            // Old                                                       │
│            const uint8_t* bytes = reinterpret_cast<const                │
│    uint8_t*>(str.data());                                               │
│                                                                         │
│            // New                                                       │
│            base::span<const uint8_t> bytes = base::as_byte_span(str);   │
│            ```                                                          │
│        *   **Caution:** When using `base::as_byte_span()` on a          │
│    `struct`, be aware of padding bytes. If the struct's padding is not  │
│    explicitly initialized (e.g., via `memset` or aggregate              │
│    initialization), reading from the resulting byte span can lead to    │
│    reads of uninitialized memory. This is safest with spans of          │
│    primitive types.                                                     │
│                                                                         │
│    *   **Pattern:** To read or write structured data (like a            │
│    `uint32_t`) from/to a byte buffer, use the endian-converting helpers │
│     from `base/numerics/byte_conversions.h`.                            │
│                                                                         │
│        *   **Example (Writing):**                                       │
│            ```cpp                                                       │
│            // Old (UNSAFE AND UNDEFINED BEHAVIOR)                       │
│            *reinterpret_cast<uint32_t*>(byte_span.data()) = my_value;   │
│                                                                         │
│            // New (Safe and Idiomatic)                                  │
│            #include "base/numerics/byte_conversions.h"                  │
│            auto value_bytes = base::U32ToLittleEndian(my_value);        │
│            byte_span.first(value_bytes.size()).copy_from(value_bytes);  │
│            ```                                                          │
│                                                                         │
│        *   **Example (Reading):**                                       │
│            ```cpp                                                       │
│            // Old (UNSAFE)                                              │
│            uint32_t value = *reinterpret_cast<const                     │
│    uint32_t*>(byte_span.data());                                        │
│                                                                         │
│            // New (Safe and Idiomatic)                                  │
│            #include "base/numerics/byte_conversions.h"                  │
│            uint32_t value =                                             │
│    base::U32FromLittleEndian(byte_span.first<4>());                     │
│            ```                                                          │
│    *   **Pattern:** For dynamic or heterogeneous I/O, use               │
│    `base::SpanReader` and `base::SpanWriter` to safely consume or       │
│    populate a buffer. This is safer and more expressive than manual     │
│    pointer casting and offsetting.                                      │
│        * **Example (Writing with `SpanWriter`):**                       │
│          ```cpp                                                         │
│          #include "base/containers/span_writer.h"                       │
│          #include "base/numerics/byte_conversions.h"                    │
│          void WriteData(base::span<uint8_t> out, uint32_t id, float     │
│    value) {                                                             │
│            auto writer = base::SpanWriter(out);                         │
│            writer.WriteU32BigEndian(id);                                │
│            writer.Write(base::FloatToLittleEndian(value));              │
│          }                                                              │
│          ```                                                            │
│    *   **Pattern:** Refactor sequential buffer filling with a           │
│    "consuming span". This is for cases where a buffer is allocated      │
│    once, and then a pointer is manually advanced as data is written to  │
│    it sequentially.                                                     │
│        *   **Reasoning:** Instead of managing a write-pointer and an    │
│    end-pointer manually, a single `base::span` can represent the        │
│    remaining, writable portion of the buffer. This is safer and more    │
│    expressive.                                                          │
│        *   **Example:**                                                 │
│            ```cpp                                                       │
│            // Helper function that writes a string and "consumes" part  │
│    of the span.                                                         │
│            void WriteStringAndAdvance(base::span<char>& buffer, const   │
│    char* str) {                                                         │
│              if (!str) {                                                │
│                return;                                                  │
│              }                                                          │
│              const size_t len_with_null = strlen(str) + 1;              │
│              DCHECK_GE(buffer.size(), len_with_null);                   │
│              memcpy(buffer.data(), str, len_with_null);                 │
│              // The span is sliced, now pointing to the remaining       │
│    writable area.                                                       │
│              buffer = buffer.subspan(len_with_null);                    │
│            }                                                            │
│                                                                         │
│            // Old function that manually manages pointers.              │
│            void CreateMessageUnsafe(char* buffer, size_t size, const    │
│    char* str1, const char* str2) {                                      │
│                char* ptr = buffer;                                      │
│                const char* end = buffer + size;                         │
│                                                                         │
│                // Manual copy and advance                               │
│                size_t len1 = strlen(str1) + 1;                          │
│                CHECK_LE(ptr + len1, end);                               │
│                memcpy(ptr, str1, len1);                                 │
│                ptr += len1;                                             │
│                                                                         │
│                // Another manual copy and advance                       │
│                size_t len2 = strlen(str2) + 1;                          │
│                CHECK_LE(ptr + len2, end);                               │
│                memcpy(ptr, str2, len2);                                 │
│                ptr += len2;                                             │
│            }                                                            │
│                                                                         │
│            // New function using the "consuming span" pattern.          │
│            void CreateMessageSafe(base::span<char> buffer, const char*  │
│    str1, const char* str2) {                                            │
│                WriteStringAndAdvance(buffer, str1);                     │
│                WriteStringAndAdvance(buffer, str2);                     │
│                // At this point, `buffer` correctly represents the      │
│    unused portion.                                                      │
│            }                                                            │
│            ```                                                          │
│        *   **Key Idea:** The core of this pattern is to create a helper │
│     function (like `WriteStringAndAdvance`) that takes the main buffer  │
│    span by reference (`&`). The helper writes its data and then         │
│    reassigns the span to a smaller subspan, effectively advancing the   │
│    "write position" for the next operation in the calling function.     │
│                                                                         │
│    #### **4. String and Character Manipulation**                        │
│                                                                         │
│    *   **Pattern:** Replace C-style string literals (`const char        │
│    kFoo[]`) with `constexpr std::string_view kFoo` or `constexpr        │
│    std::array`.                                                         │
│    *   **Pattern:** For C APIs that require a NUL-terminated string,    │
│    use `base::cstring_view`.                                            │
│    *   **Pattern:** Replace C-style string functions (`strcmp`,         │
│    `strstr`, etc.) with `std::string_view` methods (`operator==`,       │
│    `.find()`, etc.).                                                    │
│    *   **Pattern:** Replace pointer-based iteration over a buffer with  │
│    a range-based for loop over a `base::span`.                          │
│    *   **Pattern:** Choose the correct string view type based on        │
│    null-termination requirements.                                       │
│        *   **Reasoning:** You must differentiate between internal C++   │
│    logic and calls to C-style APIs. A `std::string_view` is not         │
│    guaranteed to be null-terminated, while `base::cstring_view`         │
│    provides this guarantee. Using the wrong type can lead to buffer     │
│    over-reads.                                                          │
│        *   **Decision Flow:**                                           │
│            *   If the string is only used with modern C++ methods (like │
│     `.find()` or range `for` loops) that use an explicit size, use      │
│    `std::string_view`.                                                  │
│            *   If the string needs to be passed to an API that requires │
│     a null-terminated `const char*` (like `printf`, `sscanf`, or legacy │
│     functions), you must use `base::cstring_view`.                      │
│        *   **Example:**                                                 │
│            ```cpp                                                       │
│            // A legacy C-style function                                 │
│            void LogToOldSystem(const char* message);                    │
│                                                                         │
│            // ---                                                       │
│            // In some calling code ---                                  │
│            std::string my_string = "Hello, World!";                     │
│            std::string_view full_view = my_string;                      │
│                                                                         │
│            // UNSAFE: This substring is not null-terminated in          │
│    my_string.                                                           │
│            std::string_view unsafe_view = full_view.substr(7, 5); //    │
│    "World"                                                              │
│            // LogToOldSystem(unsafe_view.data()); // BUG! Reads past    │
│    "d" into garbage.                                                    │
│                                                                         │
│            // SAFE: Create a new std::string which is guaranteed to be  │
│    null-terminated.                                                     │
│            std::string safe_string(unsafe_view);                        │
│            LogToOldSystem(safe_string.c_str());                         │
│                                                                         │
│            // IDEAL: Use a type that enforces the contract.             │
│            // If the source is already a C-string, cstring_view is      │
│    zero-copy.                                                           │
│            base::cstring_view safe_c_view = "Hello, World!";            │
│            LogToOldSystem(safe_c_view.c_str());                         │
│            ```                                                          │
│                                                                         │
│                                                                         │
│    #### **5. Advanced Patterns**                                        │
│    *   **Pattern:** To get a heap-allocated buffer with a specific      │
│    memory alignment, use `base::AlignedUninit<T>` from                  │
│    `base/memory/aligned_memory.h`.                                      │
│        ```cpp                                                           │
│        #include "base/memory/aligned_memory.h"                          │
│        // Get an uninitialized array of 16 floats, aligned to 32 bytes. │
│        base::AlignedHeapArray<float> array =                            │
│    base::AlignedUninit<float>(16, 32);                                  │
│        ```                                                              │
│                                                                         │
│    #### **6. Common Chromium-Specific Patterns**                        │
│                                                                         │
│    *   **`net::IOBuffer`:** This class and its subclasses               │
│    (`IOBufferWithSize`, `VectorIOBuffer`) now have span-like methods.   │
│    Use them.                                                            │
│                                                                         │
│        *   **Example:**                                                 │
│            ```cpp                                                       │
│            // Old                                                       │
│            auto data_view = base::span(                                 │
│                reinterpret_cast<const uint8_t*>(io_buffer->data()),     │
│    data_len);                                                           │
│                                                                         │
│            // New                                                       │
│            auto data_view = io_buffer->first(data_len);                 │
│            ```                                                          │
│                                                                         │
│    *   **`net::VectorIOBuffer`:** To create a buffer with known         │
│    content, prefer constructing a `net::VectorIOBuffer` directly from a │
│     `std::vector` or `base::span` instead of allocating a raw buffer    │
│    and using `memcpy`.                                                  │
│                                                                         │
│        *   **Example:**                                                 │
│            ```cpp                                                       │
│            // Old                                                       │
│            auto buffer =                                                │
│    base::MakeRefCounted<net::IOBufferWithSize>(data.size());            │
│            memcpy(buffer->data(), data.data(), data.size());            │
│                                                                         │
│            // New                                                       │
│            auto buffer =                                                │
│    base::MakeRefCounted<net::VectorIOBuffer>(data);                     │
│            ```                                                          │
│                                                                         │
│    #### **7. Interfacing with C-style/Third-Party APIs**                │
│                                                                         │
│    *   **Pattern:** When a C API returns pointers to different memory   │
│    planes (e.g., video frames), create `base::span`s from those         │
│    pointers and their known sizes at the API boundary. Use              │
│    `UNSAFE_BUFFERS()` for this initial creation, then pass the safe     │
│    spans throughout the rest of your C++ code.                          │
│        *   **Example:**                                                 │
│            ```cpp                                                       │
│            // Old                                                       │
│            uint8_t* y_ptr = vpx_image->planes[0];                       │
│            uint8_t* u_ptr = vpx_image->planes[1];                       │
│            VideoFrame::WrapExternalYuvData(..., y_ptr, u_ptr, ...);     │
│                                                                         │
│            // New                                                       │
│            // SAFETY: libvpx guarantees these pointers and sizes are    │
│    valid.                                                               │
│            auto y_plane =                                               │
│    UNSAFE_BUFFERS(base::span(vpx_image->planes[0], y_size));            │
│            auto u_plane =                                               │
│    UNSAFE_BUFFERS(base::span(vpx_image->planes[1], u_size));            │
│            VideoFrame::WrapExternalYuvData(..., y_plane, u_plane, ...); │
│            ```                                                          │
│                                                                         │
│    #### **8. The Containment Strategy: When a Full Fix is Too Complex** │
│                                                                         │
│    Sometimes, a complete refactor is not immediately feasible. In these │
│     cases, contain the unsafe operations.                               │
│                                                                         │
│    *   **Strategy:** Instead of a file-level `#pragma`, wrap the        │
│    *minimal* number of unsafe operations in the `UNSAFE_TODO()` macro.  │
│    This macro acts like `UNSAFE_BUFFERS()` but signals that the code is │
│     a candidate for a future fix.                                       │
│    *   **Function-level Annotation:** If a function contains            │
│    `UNSAFE_TODO()`, you must also mark the function's signature with    │
│    the `UNSAFE_BUFFER_USAGE` attribute. This propagates the unsafety    │
│    requirement to its callers, ensuring they are also marked or within  │
│    an unsafe block.                                                     │
│        *   **Example:**                                                 │
│            ```cpp                                                       │
│            // Old:                                                      │
│            // #pragma allow_unsafe_buffers                              │
│            // void DoSomething(const char* p) {                         │
│            //   p++;                                                    │
│            // }                                                         │
│                                                                         │
│            // New (Contained):                                          │
│            UNSAFE_BUFFER_USAGE void DoSomething(const char* p) {        │
│              UNSAFE_TODO(p++);                                          │
│            }                                                            │
│            ```                                                          │
│                                                                         │
│    #### **9. Handling Redundant Parameters**                            │
│                                                                         │
│    *   **Identify redundant parameters:** In functions that now take a  │
│    base::span, find any size parameters that are now unneeded. A        │
│    parameter is still considered redundant even if it's already used in │
│     a CHECK or DCHECK.                                                  │
│                                                                         │
│    *   **Rename the parameter:** For any redundant parameter, rename it │
│     and all its references within the function by adding the prefix     │
│    spanification_suspected_redundant_.                                  │
│                                                                         │
│    *   **Add a TODO and a CHECK:** At the top of the function body, add │
│     the following two lines:                                            │
│                                                                         │
│        *   A TODO comment:                                              │
│            ```cpp                                                       │
│            // TODO(crbug.com/431824301): Remove unneeded parameter once │
│     validated to be redundant in M143.                                  │
│            ```                                                          │
│        *   A CHECK to verify the redundant parameter matches the span's │
│     size:                                                               │
│            ```cpp                                                       │
│            CHECK(spanification_suspected_redundant_size_variable ==     │
│    span.size(), base::NotFatalUntil::M143);                             │
│            ```                                                          │
│                                                                         │
│    *   **Customize the CHECK:** In the CHECK you just added, you must:  │
│                                                                         │
│        *   Replace spanification_suspected_redundant_size_variable with │
│     the new name of the parameter you renamed in step 2.                │
│                                                                         │
│        *   Replace span.size() with a call to the actual base::span     │
│    parameter's .size() method.                                          │
│                                                                         │
│    *   **Important constraints:**                                       │
│                                                                         │
│        *   Do not remove the parameter or update any call sites.        │
│                                                                         │
│        *   Do not change the function's logic to use span.size();       │
│    continue to use the newly-renamed parameter variable.                │
│                                                                         │
│        *   Do ensure the size parameter and the base::span's size are   │
│    in the same unit before making changes.                              │
│                                                                         │
│        *   Do not remove the parameter or the CHECK even if you         │
│    confirmed that the unit tests pass.                                  │
│                                                                         │
│    #### **10. Updating Function Definitions and Call Sites**            │
│                                                                         │
│    *   **Updating the Function Definition**                             │
│        *   **Identify the target function:** Look for functions that    │
│    have a parameter with the name pattern                               │
│    spanification_suspected_redundant_....                               │
│        *   **Remove the parameter:** In the function's definition and   │
│    any corresponding declarations (e.g., in a header file), completely  │
│    remove the redundant size parameter from the parameter list.         │
│        *   **Replace internal usages:** Inside the function's body,     │
│    replace every use of the removed parameter with a call to the        │
│    base::span's .size() method (e.g., my_span.size()).                  │
│                                                                         │
│    *   **Updating the Call Sites**                                      │
│        *   **Find all call sites:** Use a command like git grep with    │
│    the function name to find every location where the function is       │
│    called throughout the codebase.                                      │
│        *   **Remove the argument at each call site:** For each call     │
│    site you find, you must remove the argument that corresponds to the  │
│    size parameter you deleted from the function's definition.           │
│        *   **Important:** Be very careful to only remove the specific,  │
│    redundant argument. Do not change or remove any other arguments in   │
│    the function call.                                                   │
│                                                                         │
│    *   **Key Constraints**                                              │
│        *   You should only remove the parameter previously marked as    │
│    redundant and its corresponding arguments at call sites.             │
│        *   Do not remove or rename any other parameters.                │
│        *   Do not rewrite the function's logic beyond replacing the     │
│    deleted variable with span.size().                                   │
│        *   Ensure that when you update a call site, you only remove the │
│     single, correct argument.                                           │
│                                                                         │
│    #### **11. Handling Autogenerated Files**                            │
│                                                                         │
│    *   **Pattern:** Another common pattern is for a change to require   │
│    modification to an autogenerated file. Treat autogenerated files as  │
│    unmodifiable for now.                                                │
│    ---                                                                  │
│    #### **12. Wrapping Unsafe APIs with Macros**                        │
│                                                                         │
│    In some cases, you will encounter functions from third-party         │
│    libraries or other unmodifiable parts of the codebase that return a  │
│    raw pointer to a buffer. Directly wrapping these with                │
│    `UNSAFE_BUFFERS(base::span(pointer, size))` is one option, but a     │
│    more robust and reusable solution is to create a dedicated wrapper   │
│    macro in `base/containers/auto_spanification_helper.h`.              │
│                                                                         │
│    *   **Strategy:** When an unmodifiable function call returns a raw   │
│    pointer instead of a safe container like `base::span`, follow this   │
│    procedure:                                                           │
│        1.  **Check for an existing macro:** First, examine              │
│    `base/containers/auto_spanification_helper.h` to see if a macro for  │
│    this specific API call already exists.                               │
│        2.  **Create a new macro if needed:** If no macro exists, you    │
│    must add one.                                                        │
│            *   The macro should be added to                             │
│    `base/containers/auto_spanification_helper.h`.                       │
│            *   The macro should take the same arguments as the original │
│     API call.                                                           │
│            *   Inside the macro, call the original API, get the pointer │
│     and size, and return a `base::span`. Use `UNSAFE_TODO` to wrap the  │
│    returned span.                                                       │
│            *   Follow the existing macro patterns in the file, using a  │
│    lambda to avoid multiple argument evaluation.                        │
│        3.  **Add a test for the new macro:** You must add a new test    │
│    case to `base/containers/auto_spanification_helper_unittest.cc`.     │
│            *   The test should mock the third-party API and verify that │
│     the macro correctly creates a `base::span` with the expected data   │
│    and size.                                                            │
│        4.  **Use the macro:** Replace the original unsafe API call in   │
│    your target file with the new or existing macro.                     │
│                                                                         │
│    *   **Example: Adding a macro for `SkBitmap::getAddr32`**            │
│                                                                         │
│        *   **Macro in `auto_spanification_helper.h`:**                  │
│            ```cpp                                                       │
│            // https://source.chromium.org/chromium/chromium/src/+/main: │
│    third_party/skia/include/core/SkBitmap.h;drc=f72bd467feb15edd9323e46 │
│    eab1b74ab6025bc5b;l=936                                              │
│            #define UNSAFE_SKBITMAP_GETADDR32(arg_self, arg_x, arg_y) \  │
│              ([](auto&& self, int x, int y) {                        \  │
│                uint32_t* row = self->getAddr32(x, y);                \  │
│                ::base::CheckedNumeric<size_t> width = self->width(); \  │
│                size_t size = (width - x).ValueOrDie();               \  │
│                return UNSAFE_TODO(base::span<uint32_t>(row, size));  \  │
│              }(::base::spanification_internal::ToPointer(arg_self),     │
│    arg_x, arg_y))                                                       │
│            ```                                                          │
│                                                                         │
│        *   **Test in `auto_spanification_helper_unittest.cc`:**         │
│            ```cpp                                                       │
│            // Minimized mock of SkBitmap class defined in               │
│            // //third_party/skia/include/core/SkBitmap.h                │
│            class SkBitmap {                                             │
│             public:                                                     │
│              uint32_t* getAddr32(int x, int y) const { return &row_[x]; │
│     }                                                                   │
│              int width() const { return static_cast<int>(row_.size());  │
│    }                                                                    │
│                                                                         │
│              mutable std::array<uint32_t, 128> row_{};                  │
│            };                                                           │
│                                                                         │
│            TEST(AutoSpanificationHelperTest, SkBitmapGetAddr32Pointer)  │
│    {                                                                    │
│              SkBitmap sk_bitmap;                                        │
│              const int x = 123;                                         │
│              base::span<uint32_t> span =                                │
│    UNSAFE_SKBITMAP_GETADDR32(&sk_bitmap, x, 0);                         │
│              EXPECT_EQ(span.data(), &sk_bitmap.row_[x]);                │
│              EXPECT_EQ(span.size(), sk_bitmap.row_.size() - x);         │
│            }                                                            │
│            ```                                                          │
│    ---                                                                  │
│                                                                         │
│    Pattern: Refactor sequential buffer filling with a "consuming span". │
│     This is for cases where a buffer is allocated once, and then a      │
│    pointer is manually advanced as data is written to it sequentially.  │
│                                                                         │
│    Reasoning: Instead of managing a write-pointer and an end-pointer    │
│    manually, a single base::span can represent the remaining, writable  │
│    portion of the buffer. This is safer and more expressive.            │
│                                                                         │
│    Example:                                                             │
│                                                                         │
│    C++                                                                  │
│                                                                         │
│    ---                                                                  │
│    // Helper function that writes a string and "consumes" part of the   │
│    span.                                                                │
│    void WriteStringAndAdvance(base::span<char>& buffer, const char*     │
│    str) {                                                               │
│      if (!str) {                                                        │
│        return;                                                          │
│      }                                                                  │
│      const size_t len_with_null = strlen(str) + 1;                      │
│      DCHECK_GE(buffer.size(), len_with_null);                           │
│      memcpy(buffer.data(), str, len_with_null);                         │
│      // The span is sliced, now pointing to the remaining writable      │
│    area.                                                                │
│      buffer = buffer.subspan(len_with_null);                            │
│    }                                                                    │
│                                                                         │
│    // Old function that manually manages pointers.                      │
│    void CreateMessageUnsafe(char* buffer, size_t size, const char*      │
│    str1, const char* str2) {                                            │
│        char* ptr = buffer;                                              │
│        const char* end = buffer + size;                                 │
│                                                                         │
│        // Manual copy and advance                                       │
│        size_t len1 = strlen(str1) + 1;                                  │
│        CHECK_LE(ptr + len1, end);                                       │
│        memcpy(ptr, str1, len1);                                         │
│        ptr += len1;                                                     │
│                                                                         │
│        // Another manual copy and advance                               │
│        size_t len2 = strlen(str2) + 1;                                  │
│        CHECK_LE(ptr + len2, end);                                       │
│        memcpy(ptr, str2, len2);                                         │
│        ptr += len2;                                                     │
│    }                                                                    │
│                                                                         │
│    // New function using the "consuming span" pattern.                  │
│    void CreateMessageSafe(base::span<char> buffer, const char* str1,    │
│    const char* str2) {                                                  │
│        WriteStringAndAdvance(buffer, str1);                             │
│        WriteStringAndAdvance(buffer, str2);                             │
│        // At this point, `buffer` correctly represents the unused       │
│    portion.                                                             │
│    }                                                                    │
│    Key Idea: The core of this pattern is to create a helper function    │
│    (like WriteStringAndAdvance) that takes the main buffer span by      │
│    reference (&). The helper writes its data and then reassigns the     │
│    span to a smaller subspan, effectively advancing the "write          │
│    position" for the next operation in the calling function.            │
│    ---                                                                  │
╰──────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────╯






























✦ Okay, I will finish the patch to spanify
  gpu/command_buffer/client/cmd_buffer_helper_test.cc.

  First, I'll examine the current patch to understand the changes made
  so far.
 ╭──────────────────────────────────────────────────────╮
 │ ✔  Shell git show HEAD (Examine the current patch.)  │
 │                                                      │
 │    ... first 102 lines hidden ...                    │
 │       args1[0].value_uint32 = 3;                     │
 │    @@ -455,7 +457,7 @@                               │
 │    TEST_F(CommandBufferHelperTest,                   │
 │    TestCommandWrappingExactMultiple) {               │
 │       const size_t kNumArgs = kCommandSize           │
 │    - 1;                                              │
 │                                                      │
 │    static_assert(kTotalNumCommandEntries %           │
 │    kCommandSize == 0,                                │
 │                                                      │
 │    "kTotalNumCommandEntries should be a              │
 │    multiple of kCommandSize");                       │
 │    -  CommandBufferEntry args1[kNumArgs];            │
 │    +  std::array<CommandBufferEntry,                 │
 │    kNumArgs> args1;                                  │
 │       for (size_t ii = 0; ii < kNumArgs;             │
 │    ++ii) {                                           │
 │                                                      │
 │    UNSAFE_TODO(args1[ii]).value_uint32 =             │
 │    ii + 1;                                           │
 │       }                                              │
 │    @@ -497,8 +499,8 @@                               │
 │    TEST_F(CommandBufferHelperTest,                   │
 │    TestAvailableEntries) {                           │
 │       args[1].value_float = 4.f;                     │
 │                                                      │
 │       // Add 2 commands through the helper           │
 │    - 8 entries                                       │
 │    -                                                 │
 │    AddCommandWithExpect(error::kNoError,             │
 │    kUnusedCommandId + 1, 0, nullptr);                │
 │    -                                                 │
 │    AddCommandWithExpect(error::kNoError,             │
 │    kUnusedCommandId + 2, 0, nullptr);                │
 │    +                                                 │
 │    AddCommandWithExpect(error::kNoError,             │
 │    kUnusedCommandId + 1, 0, {});                     │
 │    +                                                 │
 │    AddCommandWithExpect(error::kNoError,             │
 │    kUnusedCommandId + 2, 0, {});                     │
 │                                                      │
 │    AddCommandWithExpect(error::kNoError,             │
 │    kUnusedCommandId + 3, 2, args);                   │
 │                                                      │
 │    AddCommandWithExpect(error::kNoError,             │
 │    kUnusedCommandId + 4, 2, args);                   │
 │                                                      │
 │    @@ -608,7 +610,7 @@                               │
 │    TEST_F(CommandBufferHelperTest,                   │
 │    FreeRingBuffer) {                                 │
 │                                                      │
 │    EXPECT_FALSE(helper_->HaveRingBuffer())           │
 │    ;                                                 │
 │                                                      │
 │       // Test that WaitForAvailableEntries           │
 │    allocates a new one                               │
 │    -                                                 │
 │    AddCommandWithExpect(error::kNoError,             │
 │    kUnusedCommandId, 0, nullptr);                    │
 │    +                                                 │
 │    AddCommandWithExpect(error::kNoError,             │
 │    kUnusedCommandId, 0, {});                         │
 │                                                      │
 │    EXPECT_TRUE(helper_->HaveRingBuffer());           │
 │       helper_->Finish();                             │
 │       helper_->FreeRingBuffer();                     │
 │    @@ -618,7 +620,7 @@                               │
 │    TEST_F(CommandBufferHelperTest,                   │
 │    FreeRingBuffer) {                                 │
 │                                                      │
 │    Mock::VerifyAndClearExpectations(api_mo           │
 │    ck_.get());                                       │
 │                                                      │
 │       // Test that FreeRingBuffer doesn't            │
 │    force a finish                                    │
 │    -                                                 │
 │    AddCommandWithExpect(error::kNoError,             │
 │    kUnusedCommandId, 0, nullptr);                    │
 │    +                                                 │
 │    AddCommandWithExpect(error::kNoError,             │
 │    kUnusedCommandId, 0, {});                         │
 │                                                      │
 │    EXPECT_TRUE(helper_->HaveRingBuffer());           │
 │       int32_t old_get_offset =                       │
 │    command_buffer_->GetLastState().get_off           │
 │    set;                                              │
 │                                                      │
 │    EXPECT_NE(helper_->GetPutOffsetForTest(           │
 │    ), old_get_offset);                               │
 │                                                      │
 ╰──────────────────────────────────────────────────────╯
✦ Okay, the patch has started the spanification of
  CommandBufferHelperTest::AddCommandWithExpect and updated several call
  sites. I see a remaining UNSAFE_TODO that needs to be addressed.

  I will now read the entire file to identify any other unsafe buffer
  usage.
 ╭──────────────────────────────────────────────────────╮
 │ ✔  ReadFile ...gpu/client/cmd_buffer_helper_test.cc  │
 ╰──────────────────────────────────────────────────────╯
✦ I've identified multiple instances of unsafe buffer usage. My plan is to
   systematically replace raw pointers and C-style arrays with base::span
  and std::array, and to use safe buffer operations like copy_from.

  I will now begin by refactoring AddCommandWithExpect to use base::span for
   writing commands.
 ╭──────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────╮
 │ ✔  Edit ...gpu/client/cmd_buffer_helper_test.cc:   void AddCommandWithE… │
 │                                                                          │
 │    74   void AddCommandWithExpect(error::                                │
 │         Error _return,                                                   │
 │    75                             unsigned                               │
 │         int command,                                                     │
 │    76                             int                                    │
 │         arg_count,                                                       │
 │    77 -                           base                                   │
 │       ::span<CommandBufferEntry>args) {                                  │
 │    77 +                           base                                   │
 │       ::span<const CommandBufferEntry>                                   │
 │       args) {                                                            │
 │    78     CommandHeader header;                                          │
 │    79     header.size = arg_count + 1;                                   │
 │    80     header.command = command;                                      │
 │    81 -   CommandBufferEntry* cmds =                                     │
 │    82 -                                                                  │
 │       static_cast<CommandBufferEntry*>(hel                               │
 │       per_->GetSpace(arg_count + 1));                                    │
 │    83 -   CommandBufferOffset put = 0;                                   │
 │    84 -   UNSAFE_TODO(cmds[put++]).                                      │
 │       value_header = header;                                             │
 │    85 -   for (int ii = 0; ii < arg_count;                               │
 │       ++ii) {                                                            │
 │    86 -     UNSAFE_TODO(cmds[put++]) =                                   │
 │       UNSAFE_TODO(args[ii]);                                             │
 │    87 -   }                                                              │
 │    81 +   auto cmds = base::                                             │
 │       as_writable_bytes(helper_->GetSpace                                │
 │       (arg_count + 1));                                                  │
 │    82 +   base::SpanWriter writer(cmds);                                 │
 │    83 +   writer.Write(header);                                          │
 │    84 +   writer.Write(base::as_bytes(args                               │
 │       ));                                                                │
 │    85                                                                    │
 │    86     EXPECT_CALL(*api_mock_,                                        │
 │         DoCommand(command, arg_count,                                    │
 │    87         Truly(AsyncAPIMock::IsArgs                                 │
 │         (arg_count, args))))                                             │
 ╰──────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────╯
✦ Okay, AddCommandWithExpect is updated. Now, I'll modify
  AddUniqueCommandWithExpect to use a std::vector and pass a span. I also
  need to restore the EXPECT_CALL to IsArgs that I inadvertently removed.
  I'll re-read the file to ensure I'm working with the current version.
 ╭──────────────────────────────────────────────────────╮
 │ ✔  ReadFile ...gpu/client/cmd_buffer_helper_test.cc  │
 ╰──────────────────────────────────────────────────────╯
✦ File re-read. Fixing AddUniqueCommandWithExpect and C-style arrays in
  tests, starting with AddUniqueCommandWithExpect.
 ╭──────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────╮
 │ ✔  Edit ...gpu/client/cmd_buffer_helper_test.cc:   void AddUniqueComman… │
 │                                                                          │
 │     95     int arg_count = cmd_size - 1;                                 │
 │     96                                                                   │
 │     97     // Allocate array for args.                                   │
 │     98 -   auto args_ptr =                                               │
 │     99 -       std::make_unique                                          │
 │        <CommandBufferEntry[]>(arg_count ?                                │
 │        arg_count : 1);                                                   │
 │     98 +   auto args =                                                   │
 │     99 +       std::make_unique<std::                                    │
 │        vector                                                            │
 │        <CommandBufferEntry>>(arg_count);                                 │
 │    100                                                                   │
 │    101     for (int32_t ii = 0; ii <                                     │
 │          arg_count; ++ii) {                                              │
 │    102 -     args_ptr[ii].value_uint32 = 0                               │
 │        xF00DF00D + ii;                                                   │
 │    102 +     (*args)[ii].value_uint32 = 0                                │
 │        xF00DF00D + ii;                                                   │
 │    103     }                                                             │
 │    104                                                                   │
 │    105     // Add command and save args in                               │
 │          test_command_args_ until the test                               │
 │          completes.                                                      │
 │    106     AddCommandWithExpect(                                         │
 │    107 -       _return,                                                  │
 │        test_command_next_id_++, arg_count,                               │
 │        args_ptr.get());                                                  │
 │    108 -   test_command_args_.push_back                                  │
 │        (std::move(args_ptr));                                            │
 │    107 +       _return,                                                  │
 │        test_command_next_id_++, arg_count,                               │
 │        *args);                                                           │
 │    108 +   test_command_args_.push_back                                  │
 │        (std::move(args));                                                │
 │    109   }                                                               │
 │    110                                                                   │
 │    111   void TestCommandWrappingFull(                                   │
 │          int32_t cmd_size, int32_t                                       │
 │          start_commands) {                                               │
 ╰──────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────╯
✦ Updated AddUniqueCommandWithExpect; must now change test_command_args_
  type.
 ╭──────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────╮
 │ ✔  Edit ...gpu/client/cmd_buffer_helper_test.cc:   std::vector<std::uni… │
 │                                                                          │
 │    199   std::unique_ptr                                                 │
 │          <CommandBufferDirectLocked>                                     │
 │          command_buffer_;                                                │
 │    200   std::unique_ptr<AsyncAPIMock>                                   │
 │          api_mock_;                                                      │
 │    201   std::unique_ptr                                                 │
 │          <CommandBufferHelper> helper_;                                  │
 │    202 - std::vector<std::unique_ptr                                     │
 │        <CommandBufferEntry[]>>                                           │
 │        test_command_args_;                                               │
 │    202 + std::vector<std::unique_ptr<std::                               │
 │        vector<CommandBufferEntry>>>                                      │
 │    203 +     test_command_args_;                                         │
 │    204   unsigned int                                                    │
 │          test_command_next_id_;                                          │
 │    205   Sequence sequence_;                                             │
 │    206   base::test::SingleThreadTaskEnvir                               │
 │          onment task_environment_;                                       │
 ╰──────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────╯
✦ Okay, I'm fixing the C-style arrays in the tests. I'll use a single
  replace for TestCommandProcessing, TestCommandWrapping,
  TestAvailableEntries, TestToken, TestWaitForTokenFlush, and
  TestCommandWrappingExactMultiple, starting with TestCommandProcessing.
 ╭──────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────╮
 │ ✔  Edit ...gpu/client/cmd_buffer_helper_test.cc:   // Add 3 commands th… │
 │                                                                          │
 │    402   // Add 3 commands through the                                   │
 │          helper                                                          │
 │    403   AddCommandWithExpect(error                                      │
 │          ::kNoError, kUnusedCommandId, 0,                                │
 │          {});                                                            │
 │    404                                                                   │
 │    405 - CommandBufferEntry args1[2];                                    │
 │    406 - args1[0].value_uint32 = 3;                                      │
 │    407 - args1[1].value_float = 4.f;                                     │
 │    405 + constexpr std::array                                            │
 │        <CommandBufferEntry, 2> args1 = {{                                │
 │    406 +     {.value_uint32 = 3},                                        │
 │    407 +     {.value_float = 4.f},                                       │
 │    408 + }};                                                             │
 │    409   AddCommandWithExpect                                            │
 │          (error::kNoError,                                               │
 │          kUnusedCommandId, 2, args1);                                    │
 │    410                                                                   │
 │    410 - CommandBufferEntry args2[2];                                    │
 │    411 - args2[0].value_uint32 = 5;                                      │
 │    412 - args2[1].value_float = 6.f;                                     │
 │    411 + constexpr std::array                                            │
 │        <CommandBufferEntry, 2> args2 = {{                                │
 │    412 +     {.value_uint32 = 5},                                        │
 │    413 +     {.value_float = 6.f},                                       │
 │    414 + }};                                                             │
 │    415   AddCommandWithExpect                                            │
 │          (error::kNoError,                                               │
 │          kUnusedCommandId, 2, args2);                                    │
 │    416                                                                   │
 │    417   // Wait until it's done.                                        │
 ╰──────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────╯
✦ TestCommandWrapping is next.
 ╭──────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────╮
 │ ✔  Edit ...gpu/client/cmd_buffer_helper_test.cc:   // do wrap.  kTotalN… │
 │                                                                          │
 │    434   static_assert                                                   │
 │          (kTotalNumCommandEntries % 3 != 0                               │
 │          ,                                                               │
 │    435                                                                   │
 │          "kTotalNumCommandEntries must not                               │
 │          be a multiple of 3");                                           │
 │    436   const int kNumCommands =                                        │
 │          (kTotalNumCommandEntries / 3) * 2                               │
 │          ;                                                               │
 │    437 - CommandBufferEntry args1[2];                                    │
 │    438 - args1[0].value_uint32 = 5;                                      │
 │    439 - args1[1].value_float = 4.f;                                     │
 │    437 + constexpr std::array                                            │
 │        <CommandBufferEntry, 2> args1 = {{                                │
 │    438 +     {.value_uint32 = 5},                                        │
 │    439 +     {.value_float = 4.f},                                       │
 │    440 + }};                                                             │
 │    441                                                                   │
 │    442   for (int i = 0; i < kNumCommands;                               │
 │          ++i) {                                                          │
 │    443     AddCommandWithExpect                                          │
 │          (error::kNoError,                                               │
 │          kUnusedCommandId + i, 2, args1);                                │
 ╰──────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────╯
✦ TestCommandWrappingExactMultiple is next.
 ╭──────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────╮
 │ ✔  Edit ...gpu/client/cmd_buffer_helper_test.cc:   const int32_t kComma… │
 │                                                                          │
 │    460                                                                   │
 │          "kTotalNumCommandEntries should                                 │
 │          be a multiple of kCommandSize");                                │
 │    461   std::array<CommandBufferEntry,                                  │
 │          kNumArgs> args1;                                                │
 │    462   for (size_t ii = 0; ii <                                        │
 │          kNumArgs; ++ii) {                                               │
 │    463 -   UNSAFE_TODO(args1[ii]).                                       │
 │        value_uint32 = ii + 1;                                            │
 │    463 +   args1[ii].value_uint32 = ii + 1                               │
 │        ;                                                                 │
 │    464   }                                                               │
 │    465                                                                   │
 │    466   for (unsigned int i = 0; i < 5;                                 │
 │          ++i) {                                                          │
 ╰──────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────╯
✦ Okay, TestAvailableEntries is up.
 ╭──────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────╮
 │ ✔  Edit ...gpu/client/cmd_buffer_helper_test.cc: // Checks that asking … │
 │                                                                          │
 │    495   // Checks that asking for                                       │
 │          available entries work, and that                                │
 │          the parser                                                      │
 │    496   // effectively won't use that                                   │
 │          space.                                                          │
 │    497   TEST_F(CommandBufferHelperTest,                                 │
 │          TestAvailableEntries) {                                         │
 │    498 -   CommandBufferEntry args[2];                                   │
 │    499 -   args[0].value_uint32 = 3;                                     │
 │    500 -   args[1].value_float = 4.f;                                    │
 │    498 +   constexpr std::array                                          │
 │        <CommandBufferEntry, 2> args = {{                                 │
 │    499 +       {.value_uint32 = 3},                                      │
 │    500 +       {.value_float = 4.f},                                     │
 │    501 +   }};                                                           │
 │    502                                                                   │
 │    503     // Add 2 commands through the                                 │
 │          helper - 8 entries                                              │
 │    504     AddCommandWithExpect(error                                    │
 │          ::kNoError, kUnusedCommandId + 1,                               │
 │          0, {});                                                         │
 ╰──────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────╯
✦ Okay, TestToken.
 ╭──────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────╮
 │ ✔  Edit ...gpu/client/cmd_buffer_helper_test.cc: // Checks that the Ins… │
 │                                                                          │
 │    527                                                                   │
 │    528   // Checks that the                                              │
 │          InsertToken/WaitForToken work.                                  │
 │    529   TEST_F(CommandBufferHelperTest,                                 │
 │          TestToken) {                                                    │
 │    530 -   CommandBufferEntry args[2];                                   │
 │    531 -   args[0].value_uint32 = 3;                                     │
 │    532 -   args[1].value_float = 4.f;                                    │
 │    530 +   constexpr std::array                                          │
 │        <CommandBufferEntry, 2> args = {{                                 │
 │    531 +       {.value_uint32 = 3},                                      │
 │    532 +       {.value_float = 4.f},                                     │
 │    533 +   }};                                                           │
 │    534                                                                   │
 │    535     // Add a first command.                                       │
 │    536     AddCommandWithExpect                                          │
 │          (error::kNoError,                                               │
 │          kUnusedCommandId + 3, 2, args);                                 │
 ╰──────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────╯
✦ TestWaitForTokenFlush is next.
 ╭──────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────╮
 │ ✔  Edit ...gpu/client/cmd_buffer_helper_test.cc: // Checks WaitForToken… │
 │                                                                          │
 │    557                                                                   │
 │    558   // Checks WaitForToken doesn't                                  │
 │          Flush if token is already read.                                 │
 │    559   TEST_F(CommandBufferHelperTest,                                 │
 │          TestWaitForTokenFlush) {                                        │
 │    560 -   CommandBufferEntry args[2];                                   │
 │    561 -   args[0].value_uint32 = 3;                                     │
 │    562 -   args[1].value_float = 4.f;                                    │
 │    560 +   constexpr std::array                                          │
 │        <CommandBufferEntry, 2> args = {{                                 │
 │    561 +       {.value_uint32 = 3},                                      │
 │    562 +       {.value_float = 4.f},                                     │
 │    563 +   }};                                                           │
 │    564                                                                   │
 │    565     // Add a first command.                                       │
 │    566     AddCommandWithExpect                                          │
 │          (error::kNoError,                                               │
 │          kUnusedCommandId + 3, 2, args);                                 │
 ╰──────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────╯
✦ I've replaced C-style arrays with std::array, fixed unsafe indexing, and
  updated AddUniqueCommandWithExpect to use std::vector. Now, I'll add the
  include for base::SpanWriter.
 ╭──────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────╮
 │ ✔  Edit ...gpu/client/cmd_buffer_helper_test.cc: #include <vector>... =… │
 │                                                                          │
 │    14   #include <vector>                                                │
 │    15                                                                    │
 │    16   #include "base/containers/span.h"                                │
 │    17 + #include                                                         │
 │       "base/containers/span_writer.h"                                    │
 │    18   #include                                                         │
 │         "base/compiler_specific.h"                                       │
 │    19   #include "base/functional/bind.h"                                │
 │    20   #include                                                         │
 │         "base/functional/callback_helpers.                               │
 │         h"                                                               │
 ╰──────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────╯
✦ Okay, all changes are in. Time to compile. Target: unit_tests, file in
  gpu/command_buffer/client. Finding the right build target now.
 ╭──────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────╮
 │ ✔  Shell agents/extensions/landmines/agent_autoninja -C out/Default uni… │
 ╰──────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────╯
✦ Build's done. Running command_buffer_helper_unittest.
 ╭──────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────╮
 │ ✔  Shell tools/autotest.py -C out/Default command_buffer_helper_unittes… │
 │                                                                          │
 │                                                                          │
 │    Target "command_buffer_helper_unittest"                               │
 │    did not match any files.                                              │
 │                                                                          │
 ╰──────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────╯
✦ Can't find the test. File is cmd_buffer_helper_test.cc, so I'll try
  running cmd_buffer_helper_test.
 ╭──────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────╮
 │ ✔  Shell tools/autotest.py -C out/Default cmd_buffer_helper_test (Run c… │
 │                                                                          │
 │    ... first 59 lines hidden ...                                         │
 │    note: because                                                         │
 │    'kCanSafelyConvertToByteSpan<std::remov                               │
 │    e_cvref_t<const                                                       │
 │    gpu::CommandBufferEntry>>' evaluated to                               │
 │    false                                                                 │
 │      382 |                                                               │
 │    kCanSafelyConvertToByteSpan<std::remove                               │
 │    _cvref_t<T>>;                                                         │
 │          |     ^                                                         │
 │    ../../base/containers/span.h:1462:16:                                 │
 │    note: candidate function template not                                 │
 │    viable: requires 2 arguments, but 1 was                               │
 │    provided                                                              │
 │     1462 | constexpr auto                                                │
 │    as_bytes(allow_nonunique_obj_t,                                       │
 │          |                ^                                              │
 │    ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~                                                │
 │     1463 |                                                               │
 │    span<ElementType, Extent,                                             │
 │    InternalPtrType> s) {                                                 │
 │          |                                                               │
 │    ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~                               │
 │    ~~~~~                                                                 │
 │    ../../gpu/command_buffer/client/cmd_buf                               │
 │    fer_helper_test.cc:88:15: error: no                                   │
 │    matching constructor for initialization                               │
 │    of 'AsyncAPIMock::IsArgs'                                             │
 │       88 |                                                               │
 │    Truly(AsyncAPIMock::IsArgs(arg_count,                                 │
 │    args))))                                                              │
 │          |               ^                                               │
 │    ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~                                                       │
 │    ../../third_party/googletest/src/google                               │
 │    mock/include/gmock/gmock-spec-builders.                               │
 │    h:2144:48: note: expanded from macro                                  │
 │    'EXPECT_CALL'                                                         │
 │     2144 |   GMOCK_ON_CALL_IMPL_(obj,                                    │
 │    InternalExpectedAt, call)                                             │
 │          |                                                               │
 │    ^~~~                                                                  │
 │    ../../third_party/googletest/src/google                               │
 │    mock/include/gmock/gmock-spec-builders.                               │
 │    h:2136:24: note: expanded from macro                                  │
 │    'GMOCK_ON_CALL_IMPL_'                                                 │
 │     2136 |                                                               │
 │    ((mock_expr).gmock_##call)(::testing::i                               │
 │    nternal::GetWithoutMatchers(), \                                      │
 │          |                        ^~~~                                   │
 │    ../../gpu/command_buffer/service/mocks.                               │
 │    h:56:5: note: candidate constructor not                               │
 │    viable: no known conversion from                                      │
 │    'base::span<const CommandBufferEntry>'                                │
 │    to 'const volatile void *' for 2nd                                    │
 │    argument; take the address of the                                     │
 │    argument with &                                                       │
 │       56 |     IsArgs(unsigned int                                       │
 │    arg_count, const volatile void* args)                                 │
 │          |     ^                                                         │
 │    ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~                                             │
 │    ../../gpu/command_buffer/service/mocks.                               │
 │    h:54:9: note: candidate constructor                                   │
 │    (the implicit copy constructor) not                                   │
 │    viable: requires 1 argument, but 2 were                               │
 │    provided                                                              │
 │       54 |   class IsArgs {                                              │
 │          |         ^~~~~~                                                │
 │    ../../gpu/command_buffer/service/mocks.                               │
 │    h:54:9: note: candidate constructor                                   │
 │    (the implicit move constructor) not                                   │
 │    viable: requires 1 argument, but 2 were                               │
 │    provided                                                              │
 │       54 |   class IsArgs {                                              │
 │          |         ^~~~~~                                                │
 │    3 errors generated.                                                   │
 │    Adding --quiet because we're running                                  │
 │    under gemini-cli (GEMINI_CLI=1)                                       │
 │    Building: autoninja -C                                                │
 │    /usr/local/google/home/keishi/gemini-ru                               │
 │    n/workdirs/chromium1/src/out/Default                                  │
 │    gpu:gpu_unittests                                                     │
 │                                                                          │
 │                                                                          │
 │    24.56s Build Failure: 1 done 1 failed 2                               │
 │    remaining - 0.04/s                                                    │
 │     cannot make progress due to previous 1                               │
 │    errors: remote-exec                                                   │
 │    cea68e6635feb0e27afd8749e773573d55e58e4                               │
 │    777d896d9d5f1818eaad0f91b/355 failed:                                 │
 │    exit=1                                                                │
 │                                                                          │
 ╰──────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────╯
✦ Compilation failed. First, GetSpace() returns void*, so I'll cast it to
  base::span before passing to as_writable_bytes. Second, as_bytes is
  incompatible with CommandBufferEntry, so I'll use base::span::copy_from
  instead. Third, IsArgs expects a const volatile void*, so I'll pass
  args.data(). I'll start by fixing AddCommandWithExpect.
 ╭──────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────╮
 │ ✔  Edit ...gpu/client/cmd_buffer_helper_test.cc:   void AddCommandWithE… │
 │                                                                          │
 │    79     CommandHeader header;                                          │
 │    80     header.size = arg_count + 1;                                   │
 │    81     header.command = command;                                      │
 │    82 -   auto cmds = base::                                             │
 │       as_writable_bytes(helper_->GetSpace                                │
 │       (arg_count + 1));                                                  │
 │    83 -   base::SpanWriter writer(cmds);                                 │
 │    84 -   writer.Write(header);                                          │
 │    85 -   writer.Write(base::as_bytes(args                               │
 │       ));                                                                │
 │    82 +   base::span<CommandBufferEntry>                                 │
 │       cmds(                                                              │
 │    83 +       static_cast<                                               │
 │       CommandBufferEntry*>(helper_->                                     │
 │       GetSpace(arg_count + 1)),                                          │
 │    84 +       arg_count + 1);                                            │
 │    85 +   cmds[0].value_header = header;                                 │
 │    86 +   if (!args.empty()) {                                           │
 │    87 +     cmds.subspan(1).copy_from                                    │
 │       (args);                                                            │
 │    88 +   }                                                              │
 │    89                                                                    │
 │    90     EXPECT_CALL(*api_mock_,                                        │
 │         DoCommand(command, arg_count,                                    │
 │    88 -       Truly(AsyncAPIMock::IsArgs                                 │
 │       (arg_count, args))))                                               │
 │    91 +       Truly(AsyncAPIMock::IsArgs                                 │
 │       (arg_count, args.data()))))                                        │
 │    92         .InSequence(sequence_)                                     │
 │    93         .WillOnce(Return(_return));                                │
 │    94   }                                                                │
 ╰──────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────╯
✦ AddCommandWithExpect fixed. Compiling.
 ╭──────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────╮
 │ ✔  Shell agents/extensions/landmines/agent_autoninja -C out/Default uni… │
 ╰──────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────╯
 ╭──────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────╮
 │ x  run-shell-command {"command":"tools/autotest.py -C out/Default cmd_b… │
 │                                                                          │
 │    Tool "run-shell-command" not found in                                 │
 │    registry.                                                             │
 ╰──────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────╯
✦ Build successful. Running tests.
✦ Wrong tool name. It's run_shell_command.
 ╭──────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────╮
 │ ✔  Shell tools/autotest.py -C out/Default cmd_buffer_helper_test (Run c… │
 │                                                                          │
 │    In file included from                                                 │
 │    ../../gpu/command_buffer/client/cmd_buf                               │
 │    fer_helper_test.cc:8:                                                 │
 │    In file included from                                                 │
 │    ../../gpu/command_buffer/client/cmd_buf                               │
 │    fer_helper.h:20:                                                      │
 │    In file included from                                                 │
 │    ../../base/functional/function_ref.h:13                               │
 │    :                                                                     │
 │    In file included from                                                 │
 │    ../../base/functional/bind_internal.h:1                               │
 │    9:                                                                    │
 │    In file included from                                                 │
 │    ../../base/functional/callback_internal                               │
 │    .h:17:                                                                │
 │    In file included from                                                 │
 │    ../../base/memory/ref_counted.h:20:                                   │
 │    In file included from                                                 │
 │    ../../base/sequence_checker.h:11:                                     │
 │    In file included from                                                 │
 │    ../../base/sequence_checker_impl.h:14:                                │
 │    In file included from                                                 │
 │    ../../base/synchronization/lock.h:12:                                 │
 │    In file included from                                                 │
 │    ../../base/synchronization/lock_impl.h:                               │
 │    15:                                                                   │
 │    In file included from                                                 │
 │    ../../base/synchronization/lock_subtle.                               │
 │    h:9:                                                                  │
 │    In file included from                                                 │
 │    ../../base/containers/span.h:33:                                      │
 │    ../../base/numerics/safe_conversions.h:                               │
 │    271:47: error: no matching function for                               │
 │    call to 'strict_cast'                                                 │
 │      271 |   constexpr StrictNumeric(Src                                 │
 │    value) : value_(strict_cast<T>(value))                                │
 │    {}                                                                    │
 │          |                                                               │
 │    ^~~~~~~~~~~~~~                                                        │
 │    ../../gpu/command_buffer/client/cmd_buf                               │
 │    fer_helper_test.cc:84:9: note: in                                     │
 │    instantiation of function template                                    │
 │    specialization                                                        │
 │    'base::internal::StrictNumeric<unsigned                               │
 │    long>::StrictNumeric<int>' requested                                  │
 │    here                                                                  │
 │       84 |         arg_count + 1);                                       │
 │          |         ^                                                     │
 │    ../../base/numerics/safe_conversions.h:                               │
 │    229:15: note: candidate template                                      │
 │    ignored: constraints not satisfied                                    │
 │    [with Dst = unsigned long, Src = int,                                 │
 │    SrcType = UnderlyingType<int>]                                        │
 │      229 | constexpr Dst strict_cast(Src                                 │
 │    value) {                                                              │
 │          |               ^                                               │
 │    ../../base/numerics/safe_conversions.h:                               │
 │    227:7: note: because                                                  │
 │    'kStaticDstRangeRelationToSrcRange<unsi                               │
 │    gned long, int> ==                                                    │
 │    NumericRangeRepresentation::kContained'                               │
 │    evaluated to false                                                    │
 │      227 |                                                               │
 │    kStaticDstRangeRelationToSrcRange<Dst,                                │
 │    SrcType> ==                                                           │
 │          |       ^                                                       │
 │    1 error generated.                                                    │
 │    Adding --quiet because we're running                                  │
 │    under gemini-cli (GEMINI_CLI=1)                                       │
 │    Building: autoninja -C                                                │
 │    /usr/local/google/home/keishi/gemini-ru                               │
 │    n/workdirs/chromium1/src/out/Default                                  │
 │    gpu:gpu_unittests                                                     │
 │                                                                          │
 │                                                                          │
 │    24.95s Build Failure: 1 done 1 failed 2                               │
 │    remaining - 0.04/s                                                    │
 │     cannot make progress due to previous 1                               │
 │    errors: remote-exec                                                   │
 │    6e4e33a391fc34f8b1505e2673f718489734117                               │
 │    0bdcde98bb53f0251baac4b0e/355 failed:                                 │
 │    exit=1                                                                │
 │                                                                          │
 ╰──────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────╯
✦ Compilation failed due to a strict_cast error: int cannot be safely cast to
   size_t. I'll fix this by casting arg_count to size_t before adding 1 in
  AddCommandWithExpect.
 ╭──────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────╮
 │ ✔  Edit ...gpu/client/cmd_buffer_helper_test.cc:     base::span<Command… │
 │                                                                          │
 │    81   header.command = command;                                        │
 │    82   base::span<CommandBufferEntry>                                   │
 │         cmds(                                                            │
 │    83       static_cast<CommandBufferEntry                               │
 │         *>(helper_->GetSpace(arg_count + 1                               │
 │         )),                                                              │
 │    84 -     arg_count + 1);                                              │
 │    84 +     static_cast<size_t>(arg_count)                               │
 │       + 1);                                                              │
 │    85   cmds[0].value_header = header;                                   │
 │    86   if (!args.empty()) {                                             │
 │    87     cmds.subspan(1).copy_from(args);                               │
 ╰──────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────╯
✦ Fixed strict_cast error. Recompiling.
 ╭──────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────╮
 │ ✔  Shell agents/extensions/landmines/agent_autoninja -C out/Default uni… │
 ╰──────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────╯
✦ Build successful. Running tests.
 ╭──────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────╮
 │ ✔  Shell tools/autotest.py -C out/Default cmd_buffer_helper_test (Run c… │
 │                                                                          │
 │    In file included from                                                 │
 │    ../../gpu/command_buffer/client/cmd_buf                               │
 │    fer_helper_test.cc:8:                                                 │
 │    In file included from                                                 │
 │    ../../gpu/command_buffer/client/cmd_buf                               │
 │    fer_helper.h:20:                                                      │
 │    In file included from                                                 │
 │    ../../base/functional/function_ref.h:13                               │
 │    :                                                                     │
 │    In file included from                                                 │
 │    ../../base/functional/bind_internal.h:1                               │
 │    9:                                                                    │
 │    In file included from                                                 │
 │    ../../base/functional/callback_internal                               │
 │    .h:17:                                                                │
 │    In file included from                                                 │
 │    ../../base/memory/ref_counted.h:20:                                   │
 │    In file included from                                                 │
 │    ../../base/sequence_checker.h:11:                                     │
 │    In file included from                                                 │
 │    ../../base/sequence_checker_impl.h:14:                                │
 │    In file included from                                                 │
 │    ../../base/synchronization/lock.h:12:                                 │
 │    In file included from                                                 │
 │    ../../base/synchronization/lock_impl.h:                               │
 │    15:                                                                   │
 │    In file included from                                                 │
 │    ../../base/synchronization/lock_subtle.                               │
 │    h:9:                                                                  │
 │    In file included from                                                 │
 │    ../../base/containers/span.h:33:                                      │
 │    ../../base/numerics/safe_conversions.h:                               │
 │    271:47: error: no matching function for                               │
 │    call to 'strict_cast'                                                 │
 │      271 |   constexpr StrictNumeric(Src                                 │
 │    value) : value_(strict_cast<T>(value))                                │
 │    {}                                                                    │
 │          |                                                               │
 │    ^~~~~~~~~~~~~~                                                        │
 │    ../../gpu/command_buffer/client/cmd_buf                               │
 │    fer_helper_test.cc:87:20: note: in                                    │
 │    instantiation of function template                                    │
 │    specialization                                                        │
 │    'base::internal::StrictNumeric<unsigned                               │
 │    long>::StrictNumeric<int>' requested                                  │
 │    here                                                                  │
 │       87 |                                                               │
 │    cmds.subspan(1).copy_from(args);                                      │
 │          |                    ^                                          │
 │    ../../base/numerics/safe_conversions.h:                               │
 │    229:15: note: candidate template                                      │
 │    ignored: constraints not satisfied                                    │
 │    [with Dst = unsigned long, Src = int,                                 │
 │    SrcType = UnderlyingType<int>]                                        │
 │      229 | constexpr Dst strict_cast(Src                                 │
 │    value) {                                                              │
 │          |               ^                                               │
 │    ../../base/numerics/safe_conversions.h:                               │
 │    227:7: note: because                                                  │
 │    'kStaticDstRangeRelationToSrcRange<unsi                               │
 │    gned long, int> ==                                                    │
 │    NumericRangeRepresentation::kContained'                               │
 │    evaluated to false                                                    │
 │      227 |                                                               │
 │    kStaticDstRangeRelationToSrcRange<Dst,                                │
 │    SrcType> ==                                                           │
 │          |       ^                                                       │
 │    1 error generated.                                                    │
 │    Adding --quiet because we're running                                  │
 │    under gemini-cli (GEMINI_CLI=1)                                       │
 │    Building: autoninja -C                                                │
 │    /usr/local/google/home/keishi/gemini-ru                               │
 │    n/workdirs/chromium1/src/out/Default                                  │
 │    gpu:gpu_unittests                                                     │
 │                                                                          │
 │                                                                          │
 │    21.15s Build Failure: 1 done 1 failed 2                               │
 │    remaining - 0.05/s                                                    │
 │     cannot make progress due to previous 1                               │
 │    errors: remote-exec                                                   │
 │    421d65717dc7fc36090676785f4e49af434e944                               │
 │    8505b7217e8c3a6e89608ee06/355 failed:                                 │
 │    exit=1                                                                │
 │                                                                          │
 ╰──────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────╯
✦ strict_cast error again. subspan requires size_t, I'm giving it an int.
  Must cast.
 ╭──────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────╮
 │ ✔  Edit ...gpu/client/cmd_buffer_helper_test.cc:       cmds.subspan(1).… │
 │                                                                          │
 │    84       static_cast<size_t>(arg_count)                               │
 │         + 1);                                                            │
 │    85   cmds[0].value_header = header;                                   │
 │    86   if (!args.empty()) {                                             │
 │    87 -   cmds.subspan(1).copy_from(args);                               │
 │    87 +   cmds.subspan                                                   │
 │       (static_cast<size_t>(1)).copy_from                                 │
 │       (args);                                                            │
 │    88   }                                                                │
 │    89                                                                    │
 │    90   EXPECT_CALL(*api_mock_, DoCommand(                               │
 │         command, arg_count,                                              │
 ╰──────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────╯
✦ Fixed strict_cast error. Recompiling.
 ╭──────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────╮
 │ ✔  Shell agents/extensions/landmines/agent_autoninja -C out/Default uni… │
 ╰──────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────╯
✦ Build successful. Running tests.
 ╭──────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────╮
 │ ✔  Shell tools/autotest.py -C out/Default cmd_buffer_helper_test (Run c… │
 │                                                                          │
 │    ../../gpu/command_buffer/client/cmd_buf                               │
 │    fer_helper_test.cc:82:36: error:                                      │
 │    function introduces unsafe buffer                                     │
 │    manipulation                                                          │
 │    [-Werror,-Wunsafe-buffer-usage]                                       │
 │       82 |                                                               │
 │    base::span<CommandBufferEntry> cmds(                                  │
 │          |                                                               │
 │    ^~~~~                                                                 │
 │       83 |                                                               │
 │    static_cast<CommandBufferEntry*>(helper                               │
 │    _->GetSpace(arg_count + 1)),                                          │
 │          |                                                               │
 │    ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~                               │
 │    ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~                                          │
 │       84 |                                                               │
 │    static_cast<size_t>(arg_count) + 1);                                  │
 │          |                                                               │
 │    ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~                                   │
 │    ../../gpu/command_buffer/client/cmd_buf                               │
 │    fer_helper_test.cc:82:36: note: See                                   │
 │    //docs/unsafe_buffers.md for help.                                    │
 │    1 error generated.                                                    │
 │    Adding --quiet because we're running                                  │
 │    under gemini-cli (GEMINI_CLI=1)                                       │
 │    Building: autoninja -C                                                │
 │    /usr/local/google/home/keishi/gemini-ru                               │
 │    n/workdirs/chromium1/src/out/Default                                  │
 │    gpu:gpu_unittests                                                     │
 │                                                                          │
 │                                                                          │
 │    24.20s Build Failure: 1 done 1 failed 2                               │
 │    remaining - 0.04/s                                                    │
 │     cannot make progress due to previous 1                               │
 │    errors: remote-exec                                                   │
 │    051dcb1c392a1c1fd74a61e3fefa39738bc14df                               │
 │    252373e7b1da5ea865b4baea1/355 failed:                                 │
 │    exit=1                                                                │
 │                                                                          │
 ╰──────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────╯
✦ Compilation failed due to unsafe buffer usage. I'm creating a base::span
  from a raw pointer via helper_->GetSpace(). I'll suppress this with
  UNSAFE_BUFFERS and add a SAFETY comment.
 ╭──────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────╮
 │ ✔  Edit ...gpu/client/cmd_buffer_helper_test.cc:     base::span<Command… │
 │                                                                          │
 │    79   CommandHeader header;                                            │
 │    80   header.size = arg_count + 1;                                     │
 │    81   header.command = command;                                        │
 │    82 - base::span<CommandBufferEntry>                                   │
 │       cmds(                                                              │
 │    83 -     static_cast<CommandBufferEntry                               │
 │       *>(helper_->GetSpace(arg_count + 1                                 │
 │       )),                                                                │
 │    84 -     static_cast<size_t>(arg_count)                               │
 │       + 1);                                                              │
 │    82 + // SAFETY: helper_->GetSpace()                                   │
 │       returns a pointer to a buffer of the                               │
 │    83 + // requested size.                                               │
 │    84 + base::span<CommandBufferEntry>                                   │
 │       cmds = UNSAFE_BUFFERS(                                             │
 │    85 +     base::span(static_cast                                       │
 │       <CommandBufferEntry*>(                                             │
 │    86 +                    helper_->                                     │
 │       GetSpace(arg_count + 1)),                                          │
 │    87 +                static_cast<size_t                                │
 │       >(arg_count) + 1));                                                │
 │    88   cmds[0].value_header = header;                                   │
 │    89   if (!args.empty()) {                                             │
 │    90     cmds.subspan                                                   │
 │         (static_cast<size_t>(1)).copy_from                               │
 │         (args);                                                          │
 ╰──────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────╯
✦ UNSAFE_BUFFERS added. Recompiling.
 ╭──────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────╮
 │ ✔  Shell agents/extensions/landmines/agent_autoninja -C out/Default uni… │
 ╰──────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────╯
✦ Build successful. Running tests.
 ╭──────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────╮
 │ ✔  Shell tools/autotest.py -C out/Default cmd_buffer_helper_test (Run c… │
 │                                                                          │
 │    ... first 119 lines hidden ...                                        │
 │    [1/24]                                                                │
 │    CommandBufferHelperTest.TestCalcImmedia                               │
 │    teEntriesNoRingBuffer (0 ms)                                          │
 │    [2/24]                                                                │
 │    CommandBufferHelperTest.TestCalcImmedia                               │
 │    teEntriesGetAtZero (0 ms)                                             │
 │    [3/24]                                                                │
 │    CommandBufferHelperTest.TestCalcImmedia                               │
 │    teEntriesGetInMiddle (0 ms)                                           │
 │    [4/24]                                                                │
 │    CommandBufferHelperTest.TestCalcImmedia                               │
 │    teEntriesGetBeforePut (0 ms)                                          │
 │    [5/24]                                                                │
 │    CommandBufferHelperTest.TestCalcImmedia                               │
 │    teEntriesAutoFlushing (0 ms)                                          │
 │    [6/24]                                                                │
 │    CommandBufferHelperTest.TestCalcImmedia                               │
 │    teEntriesAutoFlushingOrderingBarrier (0                               │
 │    ms)                                                                   │
 │    [7/24]                                                                │
 │    CommandBufferHelperTest.TestCalcImmedia                               │
 │    teEntriesOverFlushLimit (0 ms)                                        │
 │    [8/24]                                                                │
 │    CommandBufferHelperTest.TestCommandProc                               │
 │    essing (0 ms)                                                         │
 │    [9/24]                                                                │
 │    CommandBufferHelperTest.TestCommandWrap                               │
 │    ping (0 ms)                                                           │
 │    [10/24]                                                               │
 │    CommandBufferHelperTest.TestCommandWrap                               │
 │    pingExactMultiple (0 ms)                                              │
 │    [11/24]                                                               │
 │    CommandBufferHelperTest.TestCommandWrap                               │
 │    pingFullAtStart (0 ms)                                                │
 │    [12/24]                                                               │
 │    CommandBufferHelperTest.TestCommandWrap                               │
 │    pingFullInMiddle (0 ms)                                               │
 │    [13/24]                                                               │
 │    CommandBufferHelperTest.TestCommandWrap                               │
 │    pingFullAtEnd (0 ms)                                                  │
 │    [14/24]                                                               │
 │    CommandBufferHelperTest.TestAvailableEn                               │
 │    tries (0 ms)                                                          │
 │    [15/24]                                                               │
 │    CommandBufferHelperTest.TestToken (0                                  │
 │    ms)                                                                   │
 │    [16/24]                                                               │
 │    CommandBufferHelperTest.TestWaitForToke                               │
 │    nFlush (0 ms)                                                         │
 │    [17/24]                                                               │
 │    CommandBufferHelperTest.FreeRingBuffer                                │
 │    (0 ms)                                                                │
 │    [18/24] CommandBufferHelperTest.Noop (0                               │
 │    ms)                                                                   │
 │    [19/24]                                                               │
 │    CommandBufferHelperTest.IsContextLost                                 │
 │    (0 ms)                                                                │
 │    [20/24]                                                               │
 │    CommandBufferHelperTest.TestFlushGenera                               │
 │    tion (0 ms)                                                           │
 │    [21/24]                                                               │
 │    CommandBufferHelperTest.TestOrderingBar                               │
 │    rierFlushGeneration (0 ms)                                            │
 │    [22/24]                                                               │
 │    CommandBufferHelperTest.TestFlushToComm                               │
 │    andBuffer (0 ms)                                                      │
 │    [23/24]                                                               │
 │    CommandBufferHelperTest.TestOrderingBar                               │
 │    rierToCommandBuffer (0 ms)                                            │
 │    [24/24]                                                               │
 │    CommandBufferHelperTest.TestWrapAroundA                               │
 │    fterOrderingBarrier (0 ms)                                            │
 │    SUCCESS: all tests passed.                                            │
 │    Tests took 0 seconds.                                                 │
 │    (II) Server terminated successfully                                   │
 │    (0). Closing log file.                                                │
 │    Building: autoninja -C                                                │
 │    /usr/local/google/home/keishi/gemini-ru                               │
 │    n/workdirs/chromium1/src/out/Default                                  │
 │    gpu:gpu_unittests                                                     │
 │    Running test:                                                         │
 │    /usr/local/google/home/keishi/gemini-ru                               │
 │    n/workdirs/chromium1/src/out/Default/bi                               │
 │    n/run_gpu_unittests                                                   │
 │    '--gtest_filter=CommandBufferHelperTest                               │
 │    .*:*/CommandBufferHelperTest.*/*:*/Comm                               │
 │    andBufferHelperTest/*.*:CommandBufferHe                               │
 │    lperTest.*/*:CommandBufferHelperTest/*.                               │
 │    *' --fast-local-dev                                                   │
 │                                                                          │
 ╰──────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────╯
✦ Tests passed. Patch polished. GEMINI_JOB_COMPLETE_GEMINI
⠴ Completing the Patch
(esc to cancel, 8m 2s)

Using:
  - 10 open files (ctrl+g to view)
  - 2 GEMINI.md files
  - 2 MCP servers (ctrl+t to view)

YOLO mode (ctrl + y to toggle)
src (gemini-run/batch-run-1755462473/group_126*)

no sandbox (see /docs)

gemini-2.5-pro (99% context left)